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Glowing Results

Bioengineering our future

Jian Yang鈥檚 latest discovery is getting glowing reviews. That鈥檚 because his latest discovery, well, glows. The assistant professor has developed a material that鈥檚 fluorescent, biodegradable, and safe to implant in the body. Bill Carroll, dean, calls Dr. Yang鈥檚 work 鈥渞evolutionary鈥� in cancer therapy or for imaging,鈥� not to mention what it could do for biosensing, immunology, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.

It鈥檚 not just Yang鈥檚 colleagues at UT Arlington who have taken note. His research is funded in part by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. It was recently reported in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Two months later, the influential American Chemical Society called the work 鈥淣oteworthy Chemistry,鈥� a title not bestowed lightly, nor often bestowed on engineers.

Yang鈥檚 material is the first of its kind that鈥檚 nontoxic (can be used in biomedicine), biodegradable (no long鈥� term toxicity concerns) and has natural fluorescence (can be used as an imaging instrument). Noteworthy, indeed.

It鈥檚 an aliphatic biodegradable photoluminescent polymer, or BPLP. It comes from the laboratory, not nature, but to ensure its usefulness in biomedicine, Yang used naturally occurring building blocks, among them citric acid, octanediol and nearly two dozen amino听acids.

鈥�With our polymer, you can do many things,鈥� he says. 鈥淵ou can use it as an implant. You can make our polymer into a bone-repairing template. You can use it for detection, tracking, and sensing applications. And since it鈥檚 degradable, it鈥檚 not a permanent implant. It will help the body heal; then when you don鈥檛 need it anymore, it鈥檚 just听gone.鈥�

Say you want to eradicate the No. 1 killer in the United States: heart disease. While bypass surgery can be lifesaving, it鈥檚 highly invasive and often inefficient. So instead of punching through a clot with a permanent metal stent and then repeating the procedure years later as clots accumulate on the stent, doctors may be able to use Yang鈥檚 BPLP to make entirely new blood vessels for their patients.

Or perhaps a patient needs an organ transplant. Ratherthan waiting years for a donor and then facing potential rejection, maybe doctors will use BPLP to grow organ tissue using the patient鈥檚 own stem cells. No waiting. No rejection.

And this is just a blip of what BPLP can听do.

YOU SAY YOU WANT A REVOLUTION?

The leading edge of treating cancer is nanoparticles that transport drugs directly to cancerous cells, like tiny Trojan horses. It鈥檚 an effective treatment with few side effects.

For Yang, it鈥檚 a starting point.

Because his BPLP glows brightly with an intrinsic fluorescence, using the polymer as a coating for drug-delivery nanoparticles would let doctors trace the path of the medicine within the body, making sure that it reaches the target. Further, doctors could monitor how scaffolding inside the body degrades and how tissue regenerates. Yang believes that his polymer gives physicians 鈥渁 universal way of knowing鈥� what鈥檚 going on inside their patients鈥� bodies.

This also could help in the early detection of cancer, which is sometimes extremely difficult given the size and location of certain cancers. For example, early gastric cancers are not detectable using the current white-light endoscopic diagnosis.

鈥�One challenge in the surgical removal of cancer is that doctors can find the big tumors, but they cannot find the small cancerous area as easily,鈥� Yang says. 鈥淚f you don鈥檛 remove those small cancer cell clusters, then you leave some cancer cells behind in the body. They can proliferate and grow into even bigger tumors in the future.鈥�

In the body, a light shines on the BPLP and a bright glow results, ranging from blue to near infrared. Medical imaging machines then use this glow to produce a picture of the inside of the body and reveal things like previously unseen cancer cells.

Thanks to Yang鈥檚 polymer, the same nanoparticles that deliver drugs to the cancer can also diagnose new cancers. He isn鈥檛 the first person to think of this, but he is the first to figure out how to make such intrinsically fluorescent implant polymers do both jobs. Previous researchers tried using organic fluorescent dyes, which are widely available but can be toxic. They鈥檙e also chemically unstable, so their signal gets gradually weaker.

Researchers turned to quantum dots, which are nanoparticles used in the fabrication of transistors, solar cells, LEDs, and lasers. Their fluorescence is stable and super bight. But quantum dots are made of metal, so they can poison the body as they decompose. Organic dyes and quantum dots are merely imaging agents and can鈥檛 be used as implant materials such as drug delivery carriers or tissue-repairing templates.

Yang鈥檚 polymer forgoes the dye and the quantum dots. 鈥淭he material itself is fluorescent, and this is unique,鈥� he says. 鈥淣one of the previous biodegradable polymeric implant materials can emit fluorescence without using an organic dye or a quantum dot. I think this is a revolution in biomaterials science.鈥�

Khosrow Behbehani, chair of UT Arlington鈥檚 Department, says Yang鈥檚 work is 鈥渙f fundamental significance to biomedicine.鈥�

鈥�The polymer that Dr. Yang has developed can potentially be used in important and innovative biomedical applications. It will provide opportunities for discoveries and improving health care that have not been available before.鈥�

ANYTHING YOU CAN DO, I CAN DO BETTER

In the world of science and engineering, fluorescent materials are ubiquitous. They鈥檙e in electronic devices, including televisions, and in sensing equipment that can detect biological weapons or contaminated water. They鈥檙e the light emitted by light-emitting diodes.

In many cases, 鈥渇luorescent materials鈥� really means 鈥渜uantum dots.鈥� The market-research company BBC Research predicts these tiny dots will have a $700 million market share by 2013. Yang鈥檚 not impressed.

鈥�We can beat quantum dots,鈥� he says. 鈥淚f we can demonstrate that we can use our materials to do whatever quantum dots can do, we can dominate the market.鈥�

He does have this going for him: Quantum dots are incredibly expensive, as much as $10,000 per gram. By comparison, the components he uses to synthesize BPLP are readily available and cost only several dollars per gram, and mass fabrication of the polymer is 鈥渞eally convenient, if you know how to make听it.鈥�

In lab tests, BPLP performs similarly to quantum dots. BPLP also biodegrades and is nontoxic, something no other fluorescent material can听claim.

鈥�There is a significant body of research that aims to make quantum dots biocompatible,鈥� Dr. Behbehani says. 鈥淏ut Dr. Yang鈥檚 invention already provides the functions that biocompatible quantum dots may provide in the future.鈥�

Yang says he needs to fully understand the science before he ventures into the business. But it鈥檚 easy to imagine that his BPLP might someday corner the market on biomedical applications. That鈥檚 why he hopes to secure a grant that will help him turn his laboratory discovery into a (potentially lucrative) small business, one that turns BPLP into commercial products that will help doctors treat patients in new and better ways.

Behbehani says several inquiries for licensing have been received.

鈥�There are so many applications in so many fields鈥攏ot just biomedical,鈥� Yang says. 鈥淚鈥檓 trying to develop biodegradable polymeric quantum dots. This would be a paradigm shift.鈥�

And a quantum leap forward.

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